References Supporting Basic Principles and Methods
FDE Proficiency
“Blind Study on the Reliability of Hand Printing Identification by FDEs,” Mitchell and Merlino, J-ASQDE, June 2016
“Effects of Monetary Incentives on Performance of Nonprofessionals in Document-Examination Proficiency Tests,” Kam, Fielding, and Conn, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Sept. 1998
“Forensic Handwriting Examiners’ Expertise for Signature Comparison,” Sita, Found, and Rogers, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Sept. 2002
“Online Proficiency Testing for Signature Comparison by FDEs and Non-Examiners,” Holmes, Ostrum, and Barton, J-ASQDE, June 2011
“Proficiency of Professional Document Examiners in Writer Identification,” Kam, Wetstein, and Conn, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Jan. 1994
“Writer Identification by Professional Document Examiners,” Kam, Fielding, and Conn, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Sept. 1997
“Writer Identification Using Hand-Printed and Non-Hand-Printed Questioned Documents,” Kam and Lin, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Nov. 2003
Support for FDE Principles
“Determination of Authorship from a Homogeneous Group of Writers,” Durina and Caligiuri, J-ASQDE, Dec. 2009
“Individuality of Handwriting,” Srihari et al, Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2002
“Measuring the Frequency Occurrence of Handwriting and Handprinting Characteristics,” Johnson, Vastrick, Boulanger and Schuetzner, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Jan. 2017
Twin Studies
“Handwriting of Identical Twins,” Gamble, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Jan. 1980
“Investigation into the Degree of Similarity in the Handwriting of Identical and Fraternal Twins in New Zealand,” Boot, J-ASQDE, 1998
“Study of Handwritings by Twins and Other Persons of Multiple Births,” Beacom, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Jan. 1960
“Large Scale Searching of Handwriting Samples,” Baxendale amd Renshaw, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1979
“Nicola Brazier Murder: The Role of Handwriting in a Large-Scale Investigation,” Harvey and Mitchell, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, July 1973